WAR AND SOLDIERS
JUNGLE WAR Chindit Brigade
Far behind the Japanese lines in Burma in March 1943
Allied soldiers cleared the way for dense jungle.
They were led by a unique military officer, Brigadier General Orde Wingate.
He was the founder of a remote patrol operations.
The department's goal was to impede the enemy's movements
cutting off the north of Mandalay's leading rail.
The Allies faced the Japanese in the jungle during the first war.
The Japanese had until then been the masters of the jungle.
Britons, gurkhista and assembled Burmese set name was "Chindit".
They testified that the Japanese could win in the jungle
and that the Allies were able to thrive in harsh conditions.
Immediately after Pearl Harbor surprise attack on the 7. 12. 1941
the Japanese attacked to Malaysia.
British arrogance towards the Japanese turned out to be a mistake.
They were a jungle war champions
and koukkasivat repeatedly British stations behind and destroyed them.
The Japanese pushed seven weeks the British in Singapore
who surrendered on 15 February 1942.
The Japanese attacked at the same time in Burma.
Their progress again does not stop there.
In early May 1942 the last British troops in Burma
crossed the Chindwin River and limped back to India.
They were totally discouraged and considered the enemy invincible.
Also, the political unrest in the Indian undermined the position of the British.
Loudspeakers nationalists tried to drive them away, even if by force.
In addition, the Bengal famine struck.
These crises require India to defend the troop's attention.
The best divisions of the Indian Army fought in the Middle East.
A young officer came to see General Sir Archibald Wavellia
Indian chief, and presented a revolutionary idea.
Lieutenant Colonel Orde Wingate was unusual officer.
He became an artillery officer in 1923
but he got tired of peacetime military life in the UK.
In 1927, he was sent to Sudan
where he came to lead the birth of soldiers.
He pushed his way in the Middle East once far the Libyan desert
and came up with probably where his thoughts on the remote patrols.
Wingate had little time in England
until the British took control of the Palestinian intelligence officer.
Jewish immigration oppose the Arabs revolted.
Christian Education received Wingate was on the side of the Jews.
He founded the percussion groups to protect the settlements in the Arab attacks.
The groups also made revenge attacks Arab territories.
Wingate's actions was told by General Wavellille
who commanded the British forces in Palestine placed.
He sought the praise of Wingate badge.
But when the war broke out in September 1939
Wingate was a British air defense brigade headquarter.
Wavellista became the chief commander in the Middle East region.
When Italy declared war in June 1940
Wavell began to consider how to stir up revolts in the Italian colonies.
He called the Wingate Cairo and gave him the Department of Gideon
which included 1500 abessinialaista and Sudan.
Wingate was ordered to invade Abyssinia west
regular forces attacked from the north and from the south.
Abyssinian Emperor Haile Selassie was the department involved
as it progresses towards the capital, Addis Ababa.
Department Gideon performed excellently.
It disrupted the Italians to persevere and got 16,000 prisoners.
Wingate was invited to Cairo immediately after the capture of Addis Ababa.
He became depressed and felt that no one appreciated his contribution.
Wingate fell ill with malaria and tried to commit suicide
and he was transferred to the home country.
Wavell did not forget him, but got her a new badge.
Wavell was in India
and the memory of Wingate exceptional skills during the fighting in Burma.
Wingate was soon to try out their ideas in practice.
General Wavell called Orde Wingate to India in 1942
Originally keep in touch with the Chinese army, 5th and 6th
who fought against the Japanese in northern Burma.
But the Chinese leader Tshiang Kai shek took a different view.
He chose the American Joseph Stilwell.
Wingate was ordered to organize guerrilla operations
but they could not be implemented due to the progress of Japan.
Wingate suggested Wavellille special departments
which penetrate Burma interfere with the Japanese.
The department is serviced by air.
Wavell agreed, and Chindit Department was established.
Wingate wants to choose a men themselves
but Wavell said that he had to take what you got.
He was awarded the North of England infantry battalion
who had been guarding tasks.
He also received the battalion gurkhia and Burmese.
The official name of the department was 77 infantry brigade.
Wingate took the symbol of Burmese chinthe mythical creature
but the name was changed to "Chindits" because he äänsi word wrong.
Chindit men were trained in the jungles of Central India.
It was partitioned between kolonniksi, which was 300 males and 100 forwarder.
Each of the RAF's cuisine was the radio operator to guide service flights.
Wingate accustomed the first men to live and fight in the jungle.
The task was not easy after the losses caused by the Japanese.
Wingate designed that one of the patrol could take up to three months.
Department is moving all the time, so the men had to have a fit.
Chindit came to a jungle war champions
who learn to sense the presence of the enemy.
Some of the men obviously does not meet the requirements of Wingate
and they had to be replaced.
Chindit operating Chindwin and Irrawaddy rivers in the area between.
Their actions was to support the great counterattack against Burma
which was planned in late 1942.
General Stilwell and the Chinese had to leave it Ledosta
and to build a road allied to China's leading service route.
The British had to attack the central coast of Arakan in Burma and in the mountains.
Stilwell, Chinese and Central Burmese troops have had time to complete.
Only the Arakan offensive launched in December 1942.
It rebounded after eight days in Japan in strong positions.
Malaria possessed attackers, and the failure of the strengthened perception
that the British and the Indians were inferior to Japanese in the jungle.
Wavellin plan failed
but he still wanted to try the Wingate remote patrols.
Chindit was sent alone in the journey.
Operation "Longclothin" had to ease the situation in Fort Hertz Brussels
Northern Burma in the last of the British fort.
Chindit had to disconnect from Mandalay to Myitkyina rail
disrupt the enemy Mandalay region
and cut off the Mandalay Lashio global leader in rail, if possible.
Chindit crossed the Chindwin river in the night of 13 February 1943.
Two columns were moving left decoy from the southeast
and the other five headed to Wingate under the command of the east.
Southern Division encountered the Japanese on 18 February.
Its progress towards the railway slowed down.
The Japanese thought that the department was serviced in the river behind
and focused on combing its arm.
They took a long time wants to understand the Wingate received supplies from the air.
Chindit departments were able to hit the rail early March.
Enthusiastic about the successes Wingate exceeded 19.3. Irrawaddy River
and marched towards the railway between Mandalay and Lashio.
But the Japanese were already approaching from the east and the south.
Wingate had borders, transport aircraft range.
He was forced to turn back.
Japanese block the return path Irrawaddy River
and he shared Chindit kolonniksi and told them to come back independently.
The most difficult phase of the operation began.
The endless jungle march was extremely heavy.
Malaria, dysentery and typhus was plagued by exhausted men
and they were met by other resistors:
Sometimes the weather was bad and the sky from nothing
and the men marched for days without food.
One convoy was 10 days without food. What is it made?
We went mules attacked. We had to eat them.
I can not recommend muulipihviä. It is rock-hard.
Also, the heavy terrain posed difficulties.
The wounded developed into a spooky puzzle.
Some were severely wounded
so hard that they could not be tolerated because of their pains.
We could not help but put an end to their sufferings.
The survivors returned to India in late April.
Almost one-third of 3000 men ended up staying.
Diseases were ravaged by others.
600 became ill so badly that they no longer returned to service.
Chindit damage caused by forces
did not affect the situation in Burma
but they proved able to beat the Japanese in the jungle.
When Wingate returned to India
Wavell was ordered to set up a second remote patrol brigade.
Wingate rebound Wavellin was replaced by Sir Claude Auchinleck
who was not interested in Chindit.
However, he gave permission to publish the patrol mission department.
Chindit men were allowed to be proud of their achievements.
A copy of Wingate's report was sent to London.
Prime Minister Winston Churchill was very satisfied
and even suggested Wingate Burmese commander of the area.
He called Chindit commander London.
Chief of the Defence Staff, General Sir Alan Brooke, interviewed Wingate.
Brooke promised to support expansion plans Chindit forces.
Churchill was leaving for a strategy conference in Quebec
and called the Wingate According ocean liner Queen Mary.
He wanted to make the Wingate by means of the influence of the Americans.
Intention was successful.
The Conference agreed to a wide Chindit Mission
which should prepare the large invasion of Burma.
Wingate was so impressed
that the Americans gave up planes in support of Chindit.
In addition, they asked for the establishment of the Division of assistance to Burma.
It was given the name Galahad.
Wingate ylennettiin kenraalimajuriksi
and he returned to India in September 1943.
Chindit officially named erikoisjoukoiksi
and the troops were assembled in October and November in central India.
They were supplemented with 77 brigade
Wavellin established at the behest of 111. brigade
three brigades of the division spread
as well as the West African brigade, a total of 20,000 men.
They came to support the American air force department.
Wingate created as soon as a good relationship with its commander, Colonel Phil Cochrane.
His stand was P 51 Mustang fighter bombers ...
...B 25 Mitchell pommikoneita...
...ja C 47 Dakota kuljetuskoneita.
Cochrane was also a hundred Waco flying machine
with part of Chindit reached their destination without consuming marches.
Lord Louis Mountbatten was the Supreme Commander of Southeast Asia.
He was excited Chindit
and intended to use them in the 1944 to top the planned operation.
The Chinese army had to attack Yunnan old Burma road
and Stilwell had to proceed through the Myitkyina to face the Chinese.
The British had to make a decoy airdropping Indawiin
whose troops miehittäisivät
Arakan sweeping ground assault, as well as a small area.
Remote patrol was to support all of these attacks.
But in the Mediterranean and, in particular countries on the rise Italian Anzioon
needed equipment that was promised to India.
The Japanese were preparing an inquiry by the attack.
It turned out to be a massive offensive in India.
For this reason, the British operations in Central Burma was canceled.
But Arakan attack took place in January 1944.
At the same time, General Stilwell and the Department of Galahad
jatkoivat leather here raivaamista.
Chindit had to interfere with the North that were in Burma Japanese
and open the way to Yunnan invading Chinese.
One Chindit Brigade had to march Ledosta Burma
and act Pinbonin and Pinlebun area.
The other two had to fly Indawin north side
and other brigades were held in reserve.
The first started in 16th brigade
which went on to march Ledosta 5 February.
After that events proceeded pökerryttävää momentum.
6.2. 1944, the day after Chindit Brigade took Ledosta
the Japanese began their counter-attack Arakan.
Britons were serviced from the air, and they kept their position hemmed.
The Japanese attack was interrupted after three weeks.
77. Chindit and 111. brigade prepared in the meantime
move for landing Indawin north and east of the.
They aliases were "Broadway", "Piccadilly" and "Chowringhee '.
The pioneers had to take the flying machines to build runways
so that others could bring C 47: public.
But when the flying machines had to 5.3. go to Broadway and Piccadilly
Wingate received new reconnaissance aircraft, made by aerial photography.
Piccadilly landing area had been imported logs.
The operation was completed revealed
but Wingate decided that Broadway would go anyway.
Flying machines rose into the air.
Each C 47 towed two flying machines.
77 th commander, Brigadier Mike Calvert left the vanguard included.
I was scared, when we sat on the plane flying.
All the preparations after and urgency
we were now silently in the air.
I was wondering the mountains above, we had made ​​the right decision.
I was very worried and was afraid of dying
but the men encouraged me joking about
that we did not need at this time to walk but we got a ride.
Two glider towing burdened by transport aircraft to the extreme.
Some of the flying machines were removed too early.
After a few failed landing on Broadway.
However, the Pioneers were able to work soon
and Broadway was cleared after 24 hours for the 77 brigades.
Dakotas began to settle on the 6th day the night before.
Broadway jammed, and Wingate ordered the 111 th Chowringheehen.
But there building equipment carrying glider was destroyed.
Runway had to build by hand.
It became too short heaviest Dakotille
and part of the 111 Brigade had to settle for Broadway.
Chindit brigades were, however, ready for battle 12.3.
Chindit ryhmittyessä troops
Japanese went to 7.3. attack in central Burma.
After a few days of 14th army
was forced to defend fiercely the service center of Imphal.
Chindit troops had received the artillery positions
and attracted defenders, fortunately, the Japanese attacked.
Calvert sent two battalions
defensive positions Henun village 30 km north of Indawista.
Chindit repulsed the Japanese with all our might.
It was one hell of a battle. The Japs came to the eyes.
We fought man to man ...
... Boots, rifle butts and bayonets.
They had had enough and fled.
After the victory Calvert set up a second base, the "White City".
In the meantime, on foot towards the left Indawia 16 Chindit Brigade
established a base for "Aberdeen".
The first gliders arrived on 22 March.
Over the next week 14 and 3. West African Chindit Brigades
was introduced to support progress towards Indawia.
The Japanese had moved troops to the area Indawin
and in early April they were there about 18,000 men.
Force moves from enemy territory
Wingate flew to another brigade
to meet with their commanders personally.
He flew 24.3. Broadway, White City and Aberdeen.
Then he rose to bomb a plane and returned to the Imphal.
From there, he went towards his headquarters S ylhetiä.
The machine does not come across.
The next day, Imphal west side of the machine found a scrap.
The patrol confirmed that it was Wingate's machine.
No one had survived.
Orde Wingate's death was a hard blow, but the operation continued.
Gen. Bill's way
Chindit that the attack was an important part of Northern Burma operation.
He chose to replace Wingate 111. brigade commander Joe Lentaignen.
The Japanese put pressure on increasingly harder.
Indawiin aspiring 16th Brigade encountered a strong counter-attack
and had to withdraw from its base in Aberdeen.
After the Japanese attacked the White City do receive.
The battle began at twilight
when the Japanese tried to blow up the opening of barbed wire obstacles.
They usually find it a lot of noise, shouting and blowing their horns.
The Japanese had to get through the 30-meter barbed-wire barrier.
It was similar to mined obstacle before 1 World War II.
They firing then 12 of 76 mm mortars
and the same number with a machine gun.
Also Cochran's airplanes helped to combat the invasion.
The enemy suffered heavy losses and was forced to withdraw.
In the meantime, the Japanese continued their attacks on Imphal area
and towards the Kohimaa its northern side.
14. The army did not reach Chindit helpful
so Mountbatten decided at the meeting 9.4.
the nature of the whole operation had to be changed.
16th brigade, who had marched on foot through the jungle
had to evacuate from Aberdeen to airplanes.
Other brigades were due to leave their position
and make progress towards Mogaungia Stilwell command.
Before April evakuointiaan
16 brigade tried once again to take over the Indawin.
It received one of the airports, but could not get beyond that.
The haggard survivors were taken to India
Aberdeen and Broadway bases were rejected.
Chindit went to White City on May 9 towards the north.
They destroyed roads and railways to obstruct the Japanese
who fought against Stilwell in Myitkyina.
"Blackpool" base set up maintenance center
but it turned out to be a poor solution.
Japanese artillery was able to fire it
and it was too far from the attack sites.
The new base was established Indawgri lake
where the air craft were able to land.
But malaria and typhus spread there like wildfire.
Chindit were bitter battles progressing Mogaungiin.
Stilwell men were captured Myitkyina airport.
They did not get the Japanese to fortify the city.
Stilwell decided to fire situation
by Chindit other things to do than the destruction of the roads.
He told them to take over the Mogaungin.
Men were three months behind enemy lines
and suffered from diseases and exhaustion
and they had the necessary fortifications against heavy weapons.
After fighting three months of diseases and against the Japanese in
Brigadier Mike Calvert and 77 brigade
were preparing to take over the firm Mogaungin fortified city.
Calvert believes that the men demanded too much.
The Americans said that mokomat cowards afraid to fight.
Mountbatten intervened and said:
"You are the power you Mogaungin at any price."
Chindit harshly fought for three weeks
which progressively forced the Japanese to retreat.
Two Gurkha infantry battalion soldiers were 23.6. Victoria Cross.
Captain Michael Allmand work komppanian manager
and fell to the attack alone machine gun.
The soldier Tulbahadur Pun did the same but survived.
Calvert's men occupied the Mogaungin 25 June.
It was an excellent performance.
We were ordered to carry out the task Mogaungissa
which we agreed and which we have not been trained.
Assault the open field without artillery support
strength against the Japanese stations
it was not what we had intended.
It was really a waste of our abilities.
Lentaigne and Calvert said that the men were exhausted
but Stilwell insisted chinditejä to continue.
I said that we were not able to continue
but Mountbatten and Joe Stilwell did not believe.
They sent a medical team to assess kuntoamme.
It is reported that all had malaria several times
and the wounded were many and the department came to evacuate as soon as
or otherwise "history to blame us," as the Mountbatten said.
We were literally exhausted.
111. brigade in 2000 only 118 men were considered taistelukuntoisiksi.
Brigadier John Masters raised the number to 119.
He added himself to the list since any man had been considered healthy.
Other Chindit tarpoivat towards Myitkyina.
Stilwell was finally captured on 3 August.
Chinditejä began two weeks later to move back to India.
1,000 men had fallen, 2,800 wounded and 6,000 ill.
They killed 5 a month in the jungles of Burma nearly 5,000 Japanese.
When the last Chindit forces returned to India
Burma was a war luck turned.
The Japanese had begun to withdraw from Imphal and Kohimasta.
The last attack of the Allies began in December 1944.
The British 14th Army crossed the Irrawaddy River in January 1945.
At the same time ledon road and the old Burma road finally merged.
China could now be serviced land for the first time in over three years.
Slim's 14th Army liberated Mandalay in March.
Then began the final march south towards Rangoon.
The British reached the capital at the beginning of May.
Since then, no longer had to destroy the last Japanese troops.
Chindit troops were scattered after the last attack phase began.
They are not required when the Japanese 14th Army approached one of the last stations.
Wingate was right in believing in its ability to profit in the jungle.
He is buried in the jungles far away
Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia
alongside the machine in ohjanneen crew.
Wingate was subsequently considered as exaggerated, believing
that only remote patrols could solve Burma's War
and that Chindit was wasted scarce resources.
But the effects of Chindit operations should not be underestimated.
They also fought bravely to conquer exceptionally Mogaungia.
Chindit troops showed being an exceptional perseverance
and enhanced immeasurably fighting spirit
Far East to fight a forgotten army.
They showed that the Japanese could win in the jungle.
They won not only tough and battle-hardened enemy
also the world's harshest conditions.
Translated by: Kai Laine www.sdi media.com